Yaddle

Yaddle's birth occurred around 509 BBY. As a member of the same species as the renowned Jedi Yoda and Grogu, she displayed sensitivity to the Force and was brought to the Jedi Temple for training in the Jedi arts. She eventually achieved the rank of Jedi Master. Yaddle dedicated much of her time to academic pursuits, often studying in the Jedi Archives, while also remaining an active Jedi in the field.

During the High Republic Era, Yaddle became the designated tutor for youngling Cippa Tarko. She spent much time with Tarko, displaying kindness and patience, and using every moment as a teaching opportunity. Tarko preferred focusing on her strengths, such as levitating objects with the Force, but Yaddle emphasized the importance of practicing areas of weakness. Tarko's lack of understanding prompted Yaddle to explain that this was why she still had much to learn.

In 382 BBY, shortly after the Battle of Jedha, Yaddle, while traveling with Tarko, received a request for assistance on Jedha, prompting her to contact Master Yoda on Coruscant to inquire about the message. Due to poor communication near Jedha, Tarko asked if Yoda was Yaddle's brother, which she denied, apologizing to Yoda for the child's presence. Tarko offered Yaddle an ice apple using the Force, but Yaddle declined. The Jedi Master greeted Chancellor Kyong Greylark, who was with Yoda, before the connection was lost. Yoda informed Greylark of the need to improve communications and to proceed with sending Jedi Master Creighton Sun and Jedi Knight Aida Forte to Dalna to investigate the Path of the Open Hand cult's involvement in the Battle of Jedha. Due to the interrupted connection, Yaddle mistakenly believed she was to go to Dalna, missing the Chancellor's instructions to return to Coruscant before the connection ended.

Yaddle messaged Sun and Forte, stating she was instructed to investigate the Path on Dalna, feeling a pull from the Force. The two Jedi mentioned the presence of two Chancellor's guards, Lu Sweet and Priv Ittik, who Yaddle suggested could watch Tarko, before confirming her arrival on Dalna. Yaddle met them near the Path compound close to the city of Ferdan. Concerned about the youngling, Sun and Forte were assigned the Chancellor's guards to care for Tarko, Yaddle assuring them that both would be needed to handle her. Yaddle urged a quick search of the compound, knowing Tarko would eventually join them. She admitted to rarely bringing younglings on missions but felt guided by the Force and was aware of the risks. Aida observed the compound as a typical farming community, but Yaddle warned against appearances. They discovered Path members pumping a substance from tanks into wagons. They decided to infiltrate as Path members, with Yaddle acquiring Path garments from a laundry house as Tarko returned with Sweet and Ittik. Yaddle provided the clothes, stating it was time to work.

After Yaddle advised the others on how to blend in, Sun attempted to speak with her but was interrupted by Tarko. Yaddle advised Tarko not to be prideful, because it was attachment to one's actions and prevented one from using the Force in a pure way. Yaddle watched as Tarko ran after a bug, and Sun was impressed by her patience. Yaddle told Sun that patience was a learned skill and warned that she felt the possibility of pain and death. She suggested splitting up, with Sun and Forte exploring the underground area, while she and Tarko examined the buildings, and the guards protected Sun and Forte's ship, the Lazuli. She advised Sun and Forte to convince people they did not recognize them but suggest they had information from Jedha if they were noticed to open up doors for them. Yaddle told them "May the Force be with you" and ran off with Tarko.

As Yaddle and Tarko moved through the compound, Yaddle worried about Tarko's outbursts jeopardizing their mission. She used the Force to subtly influence the minds of Path members to ignore Tarko's comments about being a Jedi. Yaddle sensed a death in the Force, but realized it was not Crieghton or Aida. She and Tarko entered a building and encountered an elderly man who explained that the elderly were acting as a shield aboveground, while others prepared a weapon to frighten the Jedi. The man declared death to Force-users as they left. In another hut, a woman offered Tarko a blaster, saying it was never too early to serve the Path, but Yaddle refused on Tarko's behalf. They then discovered hidden missile launchers. Yaddle explained to Tarko that the mission was to teach her respect for life and the Force, helping her understand the horror of forcing children to kill. Tarko revealed she had secretly broken the blaster with the Force, and Yaddle comforted her. Returning to the Lazuli to warn about the missiles, they found the guards missing. Two armed Path members stunned Tarko. Yaddle chose to fight, telling the Path members they would pay for attacking a child. After defeating them, Yaddle held Tarko. She heard an explosion, unaware it was caused by Sun and Forte, and sensed Jedi fighting in the Force.

Yaddle and the Chancellor's guards prepared to defend against Path members until she saw a group of Jedi approaching. Yaddle instructed Priv and Lu to use the ship to shoot down anyone attacking the Jedi, sending Tarko inside for protection. After the group arrived, Sun said they needed to leave to survive. Yaddle asked why Jedi Master Char-Ryl-Roy and Padawan Enya Keen were there, but Sun said it was a long story and pointed out that Princess Xiri A'lbaran and Prince Phan-tu Zenn of E'ronoh and Eiram were also there. After asking Sweet to land, Yaddle lead everyone who was with Sun to the back of the ship and they all boarded, but as they did, a Path ship attacked. Yaddle yelled and warned everyone about the cannon fire, but the blasts still damaged the ship. After Sweet brought the ship into the air, he announced he had good news and bad news, but only said that they were taking more damage every second and that the ship would likely not fly anymore, which Yaddle pointed out was all bad news. Yaddle noticed that two more ships had joined to attack them while Sun sent out a message for help. She encouraged him to keep sending it when they only got a response from Master Ela Sutan on the ground. Yaddle tried to spot her ship in case they needed to abandon the Lazuli, but saw it get destroyed.

Eventually, Sweet warned that the ship was too damaged and was going to crash. Seeing that they would crash into the middle of the Path compound, Yaddle instructed them to emerge fighting and to split up so that they could scatter and not be overwhelmed. She instructed Sweet and Ittik to go with Sun and Forte. Yaddle found Tarko and prepared to take her with her for when they were to split off of from the group, before wishing the others good luck. Zenn exclaimed that what they were doing was suicide, but Yaddle insisted that it was fighting for life and light. After the ship crashed, Yaddle took the hand of Tarko, who Zenn and A'lbaran had helped shelter with their bodies during the crash. Yaddle and Tarko separated from the others and located an underground vegetable storage structure. Yaddle instructed Tarko to hide in it, telling her she will come get her when she is safe. Yaddle then used the Force to sense where she was needed most and started to leave, but Tarko stopped her and asked her what she should do if Yaddle never came back. Yaddle only said to trust in the Force and reminded her to stay out of sight before running off. After staying for a while, Tarko recalled Yaddle's teachings and kindness, and wanting to prove herself to the Jedi Master, Tarko left the structure to join the fight.

Later, as Sun and Forte were being overwhelmed by Path members, Yaddle saved Aida's life by pulling back a man who was trying to stab her out of sight using the Force. Yaddle then fought several Path members with her lightsaber and sent them flying with the Force to get to Aida. When she got close to the Jedi Knight, she noticed Aida was hurt and attempted to calm the pain with the Force. Yaddle urged Aida to get to her feet as she continued to defend against attackers by sending them flying. Yaddle then noticed people in the distance getting lifted into the air and thrown. She reminded Aida that she had the Force on her side before running away, eventually reaching Tarko, who had been the one throwing people with the Force. Yaddle admonished her for disobeying and not hiding, insisting it is too dangerous and pointing out this was why she needed further instruction. Aida suggested Tarko stay and help, and Yaddle gave in after expressing that she had never experienced this in all her years of teaching. Yaddle assigned Tarko to Aida's side and ordering her to lift everyone she saw high enough to make them unconscious when they fell. Yaddle then reignited her lightsaber and declared it would be a long night.

Eventually, Yaddle joined Master Sun in the fight and informed him that everyone was elsewhere fighting. Sun then warned about mysterious creatures killing off Jedi and turning them to ash. Yaddle cautioned Sun that the turmoil around him was reaching inside him and told him to trust the Force. He replied that he did not have time to and that they were losing badly, but she insisted that they had not lost until there was nothing worth saving. Tarko then ran up to her and explained that Forte left because she needed to help someone else, so Tarko wants to go help Sweet and Ittik. Yaddle instead urged Tarko to stay by her side, and Creighton reminded Tarko that Yaddle knew more than all of them. Inspired by Tarko, Creighton commed Roy, Keen, and Forte and urged them to keep fighting because help was on the way. After seeing this, and defending Sun while he did so, Yaddle told Tarko they could go find Sweet and Ittik and they ran off.

Yaddle and Tarko made their way through the compound killing droids. Tarko saw one of the Nameless creatures pin down a Jedi and kill them instantly and was instantly overcome with a vision of her greatest fear, which included her slipping out of Yaddle's grasp and into a massive chasm. Yaddle grabbed her hand and urged her to open her eyes and see the real world, telling her they need to be careful when Tarko warned of the danger. They eventually found Priv, who was injured, at the wreckage of the Lazuli. Ittik told Yaddle that a nearing enforcer droid was immune to their blasters, so Yaddle went after it. Tarko, after learning of Sweet's death from Ittik and using the Force to defend herself from Path members that were targeting her for being Force-sensitive, started to pass out. Yaddle then appeared over her and woke her up before picking her up and pulling her behind a speeder for protection. Tarko agreed with Ittik not to go anywhere without Yaddle's say. Tarko then began to be heavily affected by the trauma of the battle and hid while Yaddle fought.

Later, after the forces of the planets Eiram and E'ronoh were called to Dalna by Princess A'lbaran and Prince Zenn and turned the tide of the battle in the Jedi's favor, Yoda, who had arrived with them, stood with Yaddle, who watching Tarko sleep in Ittik's arms. Xiri and Phan-tu then warned them that explosions were set off underground. As Yaddle suggested getting help, the ground shook and they witnessed sections of the caves of the Path compound collapse into sinkholes. She and Yoda sensed a Jedi in distress and went to help. Finding the door in the ground, Yaddle and Yoda connected to the Force and sense Jedi Knight Gella Nattai and foe-turned-ally Axel Greylark. Yaddle lifted up the ground, rocks, and soil while Yoda lifted the water to try and rescue them. Enya Keen then ran toward them and pulled Nattai and Greylark from the mud and water, the two having been brought to the surface by the two Jedi Masters. Yaddle and Yoda then set the water and mud down far away, at a safe distance. Yaddle noticed that the sounds of battle had faded and that sun was rising. She asked Yoda if the battle was done, and he said it was.

After the battle, Yaddle arranged for Tarko to be fully supported and taken care of after going through the trauma of the battle. Yaddle and her later attended a Funeral at the Jedi Temple on Coruscant alongside Ittik. Before the ceremony, Yoda met with Yaddle, who was standing with Cippa and Priv.

Among Yaddle's Padawans was the Thisspiasian Oppo Rancisis, who would ascend to the Jedi High Council by 232 BBY.

During the High Republic Era, Yaddle was in charge of Jedi Initiates at the Jedi Temple. When a young Jedi named Vernestra Rwoh was brought to the Jedi temple, Yaddle taught her to trust her instincts, which was Rwoh's first lesson as a Jedi. In 231 BBY, she took a sabbatical on Kronk, but ended up returning to her duties earlier than expected upon realizing that she missed her time with the younglings. Back at the Temple, Yaddle encountered Vernestra Rwoh, whom she recalled teaching as an initiate and who had become a Jedi Knight, while leading a group of younglings. Rwoh had recently experienced a troubling vision on the planet Tiikae, and appeared to be lost both physically and spiritually. The Mirialan commented with surprise on Yaddle's presence at the Temple, and Yaddle responded that she had heard stories of Rwoh's deeds. Rwoh said that she hoped she was living Yaddle's teachings, to which the elder Jedi chuckled before resting her hand on Rwoh's arm and instructed her not to reject her instincts. Rwoh felt a shimmer of premonition and agreed, before Yaddle pointed her in the direction of Master Stellan Gios' office, her destination. As Rwoh walked away, Yaddle returned to lecturing her class of younglings on the responsibilities of the Jedi in a changing galaxy. At some point by the High Republic Era, Yaddle had written theses about little known Jedi arts that were incomplete and vague. A copy of the Theses of Yaddle ended up in the High Republic Jedi site known as the Central Manse on the planet Koboh.

On the eve of his becoming Master Dooku's newest Padawan, around 68 BBY, Yaddle caught a twelve-year-old Qui-Gon Jinn practicing with his lightsaber in the Temple's sparring room late at night and ordered him to go to bed. In the latter decades of the Republic, the Initiates Obi-Wan Kenobi, Siri Tachi, and their friends were among the younglings that Yaddle taught. One particular lesson with their group became so raucous that she said, under her breath but heard by Kenobi, they were "a merry band of brats."

Eventually, Yaddle was given a seat on the Jedi High Council alongside her former Padawan, Oppo Rancisis, on which she remained for some time. She would also train the Lasat Jaro Tapal. She trained Tapal harder than anyone else he knew and the Lasat owned a copy of her theses. During the Invasion of Naboo in 32 BBY, Yaddle was present in the Jedi Council Chamber inside the Temple on Coruscant, when fellow Jedi Master Qui-Gon Jinn presented himself to the High Council with daunting news that the Sith, the ancient enemies of the Jedi had returned to the galaxy; he had faced a Force-wielding dark warrior on Tatooine. Although others on the Council doubted Jinn's conclusion that he had encountered a Sith Lord, Yaddle believed him.

Soon after that meeting, Master Yaddle accompanied Jinn through the Temple as the surprising news spread among the other Jedi. Count Dooku, who had been visiting the Temple, requested further details and correctly surmised that the Council had not been eager to validate Jinn's story. The count noted that he had been warning them of the coming darkness for quite some time. Yaddle interjected that there was no cause for undue alarm and asserted her authority on the Council in making that statement; the Council's stance was one of caution until they knew more. Dooku stated that Yaddle was right about one aspect in particular—a Sith Lord was not to be trifled with. He emphasized his worry that he would not be around to protect Jinn any longer, while Jinn reassured him by stating that his apprentice, Obi-Wan Kenobi, filled that role. After Jinn left in the turbolift arrived, Yaddle asked if Dooku was doing well. He commented on how their Padawans tended to grow very quickly, a statement that Yaddle agreed with. The count then took his leave and walked away from Yaddle.

Yaddle was later present during the evaluation of Anakin Skywalker, a nine-year-old Force-sensitive child, who Jinn believed was the Chosen One that was prophesied to bring balance to the Force. The High Council initially agreed that they would not accept him into the Jedi Order, however, they reversed their decision as Jinn's dying wish was for Skywalker to be trained. In the aftermath of the Battle of Naboo, Yaddle decided to take a less active role in Jedi affairs and stepped down from the Council.

Following Jinn's demise on Naboo, Yaddle met with Dooku within the Jedi Temple located on Coruscant, where they discussed the upcoming funeral for his former student. Dooku, however, declared his intention to abstain from the ceremony, a revelation that both surprised Yaddle and ignited her suspicions, given the close bond between the two Jedi.

Driven by curiosity regarding Dooku's activities, she tracked him to The Works, where she uncovered his conspiracy with the Sith Lord Darth Sidious inside a specific building. Revealing herself, Yaddle extended compassion to Dooku despite his treachery, suggesting he could atone for his actions by bringing Sidious to justice. After pointing out the remaining possibility of correcting his errors, Dooku, influenced by his apprentice's death and Sidious's machinations, regretfully stated that redemption was beyond his reach. Subsequently, Yaddle engaged Dooku in a lightsaber duel, challenging his moral choices. Nevertheless, Dooku emerged victorious, asserting his desire to establish peace and order throughout the galaxy. Yaddle reminded him of the extensive suffering already caused by his pursuit of "order," but Dooku remained unmoved, coldly declaring he would grant her peace. The former Jedi Master then extinguished Yaddle's life with his lightsaber, a deed that propelled him further toward the dark side of the Force. Consequently, he swore allegiance to Sidious as his new apprentice, assuming the title of Darth Tyranus.

Jedi Master Shaak Ti succeeded Yaddle on the Council.

In 14 BBY, while in hyperspace, Greez Dritus inquired about the potential return of Jedi from hiding if the Order were to be rebuilt. When Cere Junda pressed for specifics, Dritus recounted tales from his youth on Lateron about a renowned green, pointy-eared Jedi Master. Upon Junda's query about Yoda, Dritus clarified he was referring to Yaddle. Cere then confirmed he was asking about the Jedi High Council Member, which Greez affirmed, defensively expressing his hope for Yaddle's return.

Not long after the Battle of Fortress Vader, Darth Vader stepped into a portal created by Darth Momin with the intention of resurrecting his wife, Padmé Amidala. Navigating through various visions, he encountered Yaddle alongside several Jedi, all brandishing lightsabers, ready for combat. However, Vader vanquished all the illusions, with Yaddle being among the last to fall, struck through the chest as the phrase "Let the past die" echoed within Vader's mind.

In 9 BBY, Jedi Knight Cal Kestis came across a copy of Yaddle's Theses within the Central Manse, a High Republic Era site of operation, on the Outer Rim planet Koboh. Recognizing the teachings and their ambiguity, Kestis recalled his master, Jaro Tapal, possessing a copy of the same work. Kestis also spoke about Master Yaddle with Jedi Master Eno Cordova, mentioning Greez Dritus's previous inquiry to Jedi Master Cere Junda about her, suspecting Greez's admiration for her. Cordova revealed his acquaintance with Yaddle and his enjoyment of her company, describing her as strong-willed with a unique sense of humor. Cal noted that his master Jaro Tapal had been Yaddle's Padawan, and that Tapal had said Yaddle trained harder than anyone he knew. Kestis considered this trait to be significant, from having known Tapal.

In 3 ABY, Yoda experienced a vision of Yaddle upon entering the Cave of Evil on Dagobah as he prepared to train Luke Skywalker. Within the vision, Yoda dueled his former apprentice Dooku, who ultimately used the Force to throw Yoda backward. Upon landing, Yoda discovered Yaddle's lifeless body, her eyes devoid of light, realizing Dooku had murdered her. He questioned Dooku's specter about the truth of the act, which Dooku confirmed, revealing her as his first kill. Yoda inquired about the motive, to which Dooku simply replied that Yoda had allowed it, being too blind to Dooku's true nature to intervene.

Sometime after the war between the First Order and the Resistance, an unidentified traveler included a portrait of Yaddle within his journal filled with stories and sketches. When the archivists of the Graf Archive restored and prepared the journal for publication, they supplemented its entries with their own factual information, including a brief, yet complimentary mention of Yaddle.

Yaddle was highly respected for her profound wisdom, and she was also recognized for her composed demeanor, patience, and compassion. Eno Cordova described her as resolute with an unusual sense of humor. She held Grand Master Yoda, a member of her species—though not a sibling—in high regard, considering him old due to his age nearly doubling hers. Yaddle possessed auburn hair styled in long plaits, green-gold eyes, green skin slightly lighter than Yoda's, and stood at a height of 0.61 meters. She was deeply admired within the Jedi Temple and regarded as a legend by some inhabitants of Lateron, generally considered to be very wise. Creighton Sun referred to her as the great Master Yaddle because of his high opinion of her.

Yaddle excelled at instructing Jedi younglings. She advocated against teaching with relentless optimism, instead encouraging her students to embrace whatever the Force presented to them. Yaddle enjoyed teaching younglings, although she occasionally experienced fatigue and required breaks. When reprimanding younglings, she prioritized imparting a lesson over administering punishment. She also ensured her students were well-rounded, advising Cippa Tarko that over-reliance on strengths and neglecting weaknesses could be a significant flaw. She did not believe in forcing unfounded optimism into the younglings she taught, believing that understanding reality and dealing with injustice was essential to their training. She always prioritized the lives of children, recognizing their vulnerability, and always wanted to keep them safe. Part of this manifested as her belief that children should not fight or kill if it was avoidable. She also kept them safe by supporting them and making sure they were cared for mentally, and provided resources for Cippa Tarko to be cared for after the youngling experienced the trauma of the Night of Sorrow. Yaddle readily offered advice to her former students, doing so with patience and empathy, even extending it to other Jedi Masters when she deemed it necessary.

Yaddle was dedicated to the Jedi ideals and demonstrated compassion and forgiveness, offering Dooku a chance at redemption after discovering his alliance with Darth Sidious, suggesting he aid in bringing him to justice. She also refrained from engaging in combat unless absolutely necessary. She unequivocally trusted in the Force, even in situations that seemed would have negative outcomes. When things seemed grim, she believed that one did not lose until there was nothing left worth saving, and believed that there was always something to save. In her final moments, she expressed sorrow and disappointment at Dooku's choice to align with the Sith. She was always determined to save the lives of people who were innocent, even if they opposed her, and especially if they were children.

While loyal to the Jedi cause, like Dooku, Yaddle had grown critical of the Order to the point where she resigned her seat on the High Council. She believed that the Council should have listened to Dooku, and that Qui-Gon Jinn's death was unnecessary. Although she claimed that Dooku had been right about "many things," Yaddle also acknowledged Dooku's fall to the dark side when she told him that he was "running into the arms of evil."

Yaddle was a powerful, yet subtle Jedi. She possessed proficiency in obscure and lethal Jedi powers, such as morichro, an ancient technique enabling the user to decelerate an opponent's bodily functions to the point of death. She also excelled at perceiving and interpreting the will of the Force, allowing it to guide her to areas of need. It also allowed her to be able to sense when someone died or when someone was in distress. She was also able to influence other's minds to the point of changing their perception and memories, and was once able to make a child believe that they had heard something other than what was said using the Force. Furthermore, she could alleviate pain from injuries using the Force. Despite her diminutive stature, Yaddle could achieve rapid movement by utilizing the Force to enhance her jumps.

Yaddle demonstrated telekinesis through the Force, exhibiting sufficient strength to lift massive metal hangar doors, preventing them from crushing her, though this exertion left her considerably fatigued, hindering her ability to fight Dooku. She once lifted a large section of collapsed earth and water in a sinkhole to save a Jedi and her friend, who were trapped underneath. She could use the Force to disarm people of their weapons, and would lift people up in the air and then drop them to render them unconscious.

She displayed acrobatic prowess—including jumps and somersaults—during combat. She was a very capable and skilled lightsaber duelist, as she was able to fight evenly with Dooku and was only defeated in her duel against him after over exerting her use of the Force which resulted in her being weakened and fatigued. She could deflect blaster bolts with her lightsaber, and send them flying back into her attackers. She was also capable at taking on and fighting multiple people at once using both her lightsaber skills and the Force, and quickly destroyed enforcer droids during the Night of Sorrow.

Yaddle's other capabilities included piloting starships. She was a gifted instructor and mentor to young Jedi in the ways of the Force. She exhibited remarkable patience with them, considering patience a learned skill.

Yaddle donned Jedi robes, including specialized attire for missions, maintaining simple and traditional wrappings for her robes. She wielded a green-bladed shoto lightsaber suited to her small frame. While undercover on Dalna, she wore robes that were worn by the Path of the Open Hand. She also possessed a comlink for long-distance communication and once owned a starship that was destroyed.

Yaddle's character was conceived for the 1999 film Star Wars: Episode I The Phantom Menace, the initial installment of the Star Wars prequel trilogy. Although her name is not explicitly mentioned in the film, she is credited. Phil Eason operated her puppet.

The design for Yaddle originated from a sketch by concept artist Iain McCaig, initially intended for a young Yoda, but was later incorporated into the movies as Yaddle, a female member of Yoda's species. For the Jedi Council Chamber scenes of the 2002 film Star Wars: Episode II Attack of the Clones, stock footage from The Phantom Menace was reused, but to further suggest a progress of time after George Lucas had Yarael Poof removed and replaced for Coleman Trebor, it was decided for Yaddle to be removed as well and replaced by Shaak Ti, a new character whom Orli Shoshan played with elaborate makeup before being composited into the scene in Yaddle's place.

In the animated series Star Wars: Tales of the Jedi, Bryce Dallas Howard provided Yaddle's voice. Notably, she spoke Galactic Basic Standard in a conventional manner, without the inverted syntax characteristic of Yoda's speech.

Yaddle is featured in LEGO Star Wars: The Skywalker Saga as a playable character, unlocked after completing the "Tuskens and Dragons" side quest. An uncredited voice actress provides her voice in the game. Her in-game description portrays her as an enigmatic dignitary during the Republic's final years, noting her unknown whereabouts.

In the game's free-play mode, Yaddle could be found in the Jedi Temple, offering challenges to players in search of training. She would send the player to the Tatooine desert to defeat a Canyon krayt dragon, noting that only a true warrior will be able to succeed in this task.

The player would then travel to the Jundland Wastes on Tatooine to confront the dragon. They mind-tricked a group of Tusken Raiders into dancing outside the dragon's lair to draw it out, where the player would then defeat it in combat. A this point, Yaddle would run up to the player, revealing that she had been watching the whole time, and complimented the player on their skills. She then offered to follow their player on their journeys, unlocking her in free-play mode.